The United States and Latin America

This book is based on a smaller volume issued by the Johns Hopkins Press in 1900 under the title "The Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish America," which contained the first series of Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History. That volume has been out of print for several years, but calls for it are still coming in, with increasing frequency of late. In response to this demand and in view of the widespread interest in our relations with our Southern neighbors I have revised and enlarged the original volume, omitting much that was of special interest at the time it was written, and adding a large amount of new matter relating to the events of the past twenty years.

Chapters I, II and V are reprinted with only minor changes; III, IV and VI have been rewritten and brought down to date; VII, VIII and IX are wholly new.

J. H. L.

BALTIMORE, May 7, 1920.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I THE REVOLT OF THE SPANISH COLONIES 3

II THE RECOGNITION OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS 48

III THE DIPLOMACY OF THE UNITED STATES IN REGARD TO CUBA 83

IV THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE PANAMA CANAL 144

V FRENCH INTERVENTION IN MEXICO 193

VI THE TWO VENEZUELAN EPISODES 238

VII THE ADVANCE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CARIBBEAN 261

VIII PAN AMERICANISM 292

IX THE MONROE DOCTRINE 320

INDEX 335

MAPS

SOUTH AMERICA Frontispiece

THE CARIBBEAN Facing page 262

THE UNITED STATES

AND

LATIN AMERICA

THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA

CHAPTER I

THE REVOLT OF THE SPANISH COLONIES

The English colonies of North America renounced allegiance to their sovereign more through fear of future oppression than on account of burdens actually imposed. The colonies of Spain in the southern hemisphere, on the other hand, labored for generations under the burden of one of the most irrational and oppressive economic systems to which any portion of the human race has ever been subjected, and remained without serious attempt at revolution until the dethronement of their sovereign by Napoleon left them to drift gradually, in spite of themselves, as Chateaubriand expressed it, into the republican form of government. To carry the contrast a step further, when the conditions were ripe for independence, the English colonies offered a united resistance, while the action of the Spanish colonies was spasmodic and disconcerted. The North American revolution gave birth to a federal republic, that of the South to a number of separate and independent republics, whose relations with one another have at times been far from amicable. The causes for these striking differences are to be explained not alone by race psychology, but by a comparison of the English and Spanish colonial systems and of the two revolutions as well. The history of the English colonies and of their revolt has been pretty well exploited, but information in regard to the Spanish-American revolution and its causes, although the sources are abundant, is not easily accessible to English-speaking people.