Madame Roland: A Biographical Study

Some eight years ago I undertook a study of the women of the French Revolution, my object being merely to satisfy myself as to the value of their public services in that period. In the course of my studies I became particularly interested in Madame Roland, and when five years ago I found myself in Paris for an extended period, I decided to use my leisure in making a more careful investigation of her life and times than I had been able to do in America. The result of that study is condensed in this volume.

Much of the material used in preparing the book is new to the public. The chapter on Mademoiselle Phlipon’s relations with M. Roland and of their marriage has been written from unpublished letters, and presents a very different view of that affair from that which her biographers have hitherto given, and from that which she herself gives in her Memoirs. The story of her seeking a title with its privileges in Paris in 1784 has never before been told, the letters in which the details of her search are given never having been published. Those of her biographers who have had access to these letters have been too ardent republicans, or too passionate admirers of their heroine, to dwell on an episode of her career which seemed to them inconsistent with her later life.

The manuscripts of the letters from which these chapters have been written are now in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris. They were given to the library in 1888, by Madame Faugère, the widow of M. P. Faugère, to whom they had been given by Madame Champagneux, only daughter of Madame Roland, that he might prepare a satisfactory edition of her mother’s works, and write a life of her father. M. Faugère finished his edition of Madame Roland’s writings, but he died before completing his life of M. Roland.

Much of the material used in the book I have obtained from the descendants of Madame Roland, now living in Paris. My relations with them came about through that distinguished scholar and gentleman, the late James Darmesteter. Learning that I was interested in Madame Roland, he kindly sent me to her great-grandson M. Léon Marillier, a professor in the École des Hautes Études, of Paris. M. Marillier and his wife were of the greatest service to me, called my attention to the manuscripts which Madame Faugère had turned over to the Bibliothèque, and which had just been catalogued, and gave me for examination a large quantity of letters and cahiers from Madame Roland’s girlhood. There also I met their mother, Madame Cécile Marillier. To her I owe a debt of gratitude for sympathy and help, which I can never repay. Madame Marillier gave me freely the family legends of her grandmother, and in May, 1892, I spent a fortnight at Le Clos, the family home of the Rolands, where Madame Roland passed her happiest, most natural years. The old place is rife with memories of its former mistress, and it was there and afterwards in Villefranche that I found material for Chapters IV. and V.

I cannot close this introductory word without acknowledging, too, my indebtedness to the librarians of the Bibliothèque Nationale, of Paris. During three years I worked there almost daily, and I was treated with uniform courtesy and served willingly and intelligently. Indeed, I may say the same for all libraries and museums of Paris where I had occasion to seek information.

I. M. T.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PAGE THE GIRLHOOD OF MANON PHLIPON 1

CHAPTER II

LOVERS AND MARRIAGE 31

CHAPTER III

SEEKING A TITLE 73

CHAPTER IV

COUNTRY LIFE 87

CHAPTER V

HOW THE ROLANDS WELCOMED THE REVOLUTION 112

CHAPTER VI

FIRST POLITICAL SALON 134

CHAPTER VII

A STICK IN THE WHEEL 155

CHAPTER VIII

WORKING FOR A SECOND REVOLUTION 168

CHAPTER IX

DISILLUSION 210

CHAPTER X

BUZOT AND MADAME ROLAND 226

CHAPTER XI

THE ROLANDS TURN AGAINST THE REVOLUTION 245

CHAPTER XII

IN PRISON 264

CHAPTER XIII

DEATH ON THE GUILLOTINE 295

CHAPTER XIV

THOSE LEFT BEHIND 303

BIBLIOGRAPHY 313

INDEX 321

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Madame Roland at the Conciergerie—From a painting by Jules Goupil, now in the museum of Amboise Frontispiece

Madame Roland—From a cameo in the Musée Carnavalet Title