The case against evolution

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THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION

[publisher’s monogram]

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO

THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION

BY

GEORGE BARRY O’TOOLE, PH. D., S.T.D.

PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY AND PROFESSOR EMERITUS OF PHILOSOPHY, ST. VINCENT ARCHABBEY; PROFESSOR OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY, SETON HILL COLLEGE

New York

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1926

All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT, 1925, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published April, 1925.

Reprinted February, 1926.

Printed in the United States of America by J. J. LITTLE AND IVES COMPANY, NEW YORK

TO MY MOTHER

ADDENDA

NOTE TO PAGE 23.—

As a result of recent investigations on the sex chromosomes and chromosome numbers in mammals, Theophilus S. Painter reaches the conclusions that polyploidy cannot be invoked to explain evolution within this class. After giving a table of chromosome numbers for 7 out of the 9 eutherian orders, Painter concludes: “The facts recorded above are of especial interest in that they indicate a unity of chromosome composition above the marsupial level and effectively dispose of the suggestion that extensive polyploidy may have occurred within this subclass.

“In the marsupials the chromosome number is a low one and in the opossum is 22. At first sight it might appear that the eutherian condition might have arisen from this by tetraploidy. There are two objections, however. In the first place the bulk of the chromatin in marsupials is about the same as in the eutheria, using the sex chromosome as our measure. In the second place, polyploidy could scarcely occur successfully in animals with X-Y sex chromosomes, as most mammals possess, because of the complication occurring in the sex chromosome balance” (Science, April 17, 1925, p. 424). As the X-Y type of sex chromosomes occurs widely not only among vertebrates, but also among insects, nematodes, and echinoderms, Painter’s latter objection excludes evolution by polyploidy from a large portion of the animal kingdom.

NOTE TO PAGE 90.—