Landmarks of Scientific Socialism: Anti-Duhring

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+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | | | | Inconsistent hyphenation and use of quotation marks in | | the original document have been preserved. | | | | Subscripted characters in chemical formulas are enclosed | | in curly braces after an underscore. For example, the | | formula for water is represented by H_{2}O. Obvious | | errors in chemical formulas were corrected without | | comment. | | | | Superscripted numbers are preceded by a carat character. | | For example, a-squared is represented by a^2. | | | | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For | | a complete list, please see the end of this document. | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+

LANDMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM

"Anti-Duehring"

by

FREDERICK ENGELS

Translated and Edited by Austin Lewis

Chicago Charles H. Kerr & Company Co-Operative

Copyright, 1907 by Charles H. Kerr & Company

John F. Higgins Printer and Binder 376-382 Monroe Street Chicago, Illinois

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PAGE

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION 7

CHAPTER II

PREFACES 23 Part I 23 Part II 27 Part III 35

CHAPTER III

INTRODUCTION 36 I. In General 36 II. What Herr Duehring Has to Say 50

PART I

CHAPTER IV

Apriorism 54 The Scheme of the Universe 63

CHAPTER V

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 70 Time and Space 70 Cosmogony, Physics, and Chemistry 82 The Organic World 94 The Organic World (conclusion) 107

CHAPTER VI

MORAL AND LAW 116 Eternal Truths 116 Equality 130 Freedom and Necessity 146

CHAPTER VII

THE DIALECTIC 150 Quantity 150 Negation of the Negation 159 Conclusion 175

PART II

CHAPTER VIII

POLITICAL ECONOMY 176 I. Objects and Methods 176 II. The Force Theory 184 III. Force Theory (continued) 193 IV. Force Theory (conclusion) 203 V. Theory of Value 214 VI. Simple and Compound Labor 219 VII. Capital and Surplus Value 223 VIII. Capital and Surplus Value (conclusion) 227 IX. Natural Economic Laws--Ground Rent 232 X. With Respect to the "Critical History" 235

PART III

CHAPTER IX

SOCIALISM 236 Production 236 Distribution 245 The State, The Family, and Education 256

APPENDIX 261

LANDMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM

CHAPTER I

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION

When Dr. Eugene Duehring, privat docent at Berlin University, in 1875, proclaimed the fact that he had become converted to Socialism, he was not content to take the socialist movement as he found it, but set out forthwith to promulgate a theory of his own. His was a most elaborate and self-conscious mission. He stood forth as the propagandist not only of certain specific and peculiar views of socialism but as the originator of a new philosophy, and the propounder of strange and wonderful theories with regard to the universe in general. The taunt as to his all-comprehensiveness of intellect, with which Engels pursues him somewhat too closely and much too bitterly, could not have affected Herr Duehring very greatly. He had his own convictions with respect to that comprehensive intellect of his and few will be found to deny that he had the courage of his convictions.

Thirty years have gone since Duehring published the fact of his conversion to socialism. The word "conversion" contains in itself the distinction between the socialism of thirty years ago and that of to-day. What was then a peculiar creed has now become a very widespread notion. Men are not now individually converted to socialism but whole groups and classes are driven into the socialist ranks by the pressure of circumstances. The movement springs up continually in new and unexpected places. Here it may languish apparently, there it gives every indication of strong, new and vigorous life.