India, Its Life and Thought

To the people of the West, the inhabitants of India are the least understood and the most easily misunderstood of all men.

It is partly because they are antipodal to the West--the farthest removed in thought and life. They are also the most secretive, and find perennial delight in concealment and evasion.

According to Hindu teaching, the Supreme Spirit forever sports in illusion. It continuously manifests itself through unreal and false forms, which delude and lead astray ignorant man. In harmony with this philosophy of the Divine--and may it not be as a result of it?--the people of India too often delight in unreal and deceptive exhibitions of themselves. At any rate, it is exceedingly difficult for a man of the West, especially he of the Anglo-Saxon type, to apprehend the full significance and the correct drift of life and thought of this land.

It is amusing, when not discouraging, to witness travellers, who have rushed through India in a winter tour, publish volumes of their misconceptions and ill-digested theories about the people with an oracular emphasis which is equalled only by their ignorance.

The author of this book makes no claim to a right to speak ex cathedra upon this subject. Nevertheless, thirty years of matured experience in this land, living in constant touch with the people and studying with eagerness their life and thought, gives him an humble claim to speak once more upon the subject.

Even now, however, his pride of knowledge is chastened by the oft-recurring surprises which the Oriental nature and life still bring to him. And he does not cease to pray, with a western saint, who, at the end of a half century of work for the people of India, daily cried out,--

"O Lord, help me to know these people and to come into intimate relations of life with them!"

If, in these pages, he can help others of the West to come face to face with the immense and intricate problems which confront all who desire to know, to help, and to bless India, and shall enable them to understand better the conditions and characteristics of life in the Land of the Vedas, he will feel amply repaid for his labours.

I express my deep gratitude to the Rev. J. L. Barton, D.D., for his kind encouragement in the publishing of this book; and also to the Rev. W. W. Wallace, M.A., for his generous aid in the proof-reading.

J. P. JONES.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I. INDIA'S UNREST

i. Extent of the Movement

ii. Causes of Unrest

iii. Conditions of Unrest

iv. Results

v. How shall the Unrest be Removed

II. THE HOME OF MANY FAITHS

Hinduism--Madura and Benares

Demonolatry--Madura

Christianity--Travancore and Cochin

Judaism--Cochin

Parseeism--Bombay

Jainism--Bombay

Mohammedanism--Agra and Delhi

Buddhism--Delhi, Sarnath

Sikhism--Amritsar

III. BURMA, THE BEAUTIFUL

The Extent of the British Empire

Burma's Triple Produce

The Land of Pagodas

Mandalay

A Land where Woman is Honoured

A Land where Caste is Unknown

The American Baptist Mission

The Karens and their Conversion

Ko San Ye

IV. THE HINDU CASTE SYSTEM

What is Caste

i. Origin of Caste

(a) Religious Theory

(b) Tribal Theory

(c) Social Theory

(d) Occupational Theory

(e) Crossing Theory

ii. Characteristics of Caste

Intermarriage

Inter-dining

Contact

Occupation

iii. Penalties of Caste

Boycott